Exploring the Variables Behind the Price of an Artwork

 

 

Table of Contents

 

1. Introduction
2. Historical Overview of Art Pricing
3. Key Factors Behind Artwork Pricing
4. Economic Influences on Art Pricing
5. Psychological Factors in Art Pricing
6. Technological Influence on Art Pricing
7. Case Studies of Notable Art Sales
8. Art Pricing and Cultural Context
9. The Future of Art Pricing
10. Conclusion
11. References

 

 

1. Introduction

 

The pricing of artwork has fascinated both collectors and scholars for centuries. What determines the value of a painting, sculpture, or photograph? The answer lies in a complex web of factors that transcend the initial creation of the piece itself. While artistic merit plays an essential role, the market forces, economic conditions, and social perceptions surrounding the artwork significantly influence its price.

This article delves into the various variables behind the price of an artwork. By analyzing historical trends, key pricing factors, and economic as well as psychological influences, we can gain a deeper understanding of why some artworks are priced in the millions, while others remain relatively undervalued. Furthermore, with the rise of digital art and the changing dynamics of art markets, new considerations are reshaping how art is valued today.

 

2. Historical Overview of Art Pricing

 

Art as a Commodity

 

From the very beginning of recorded history, art has served as both an expression of cultural identity and as a commodity. In ancient civilizations, artwork was often commissioned by rulers or religious institutions, serving purposes that were as much practical as they were decorative. Early works of art, including ancient pottery, sculptures, and religious icons, were valued according to their utility, craftsmanship, and the status of their patrons.

Throughout the Renaissance and Baroque periods, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt began to elevate the profession of art-making, transforming artworks into highly prized possessions of elite collectors. The growing demand for art during these periods marked the beginning of what we recognize today as the art market.

 

The Evolution of Art Markets

 

By the 19th century, the art market had grown significantly, with the establishment of the first commercial galleries and auction houses. In the 20th century, the explosion of modernism and the increasing commercial nature of art led to the formation of a globalized art market, dominated by major auction houses like Christie’s and Sotheby’s. As more collectors emerged globally, prices began to reflect the increasing scarcity of certain artworks and the heightened prestige of well-known artists.

 

 

3. Key Factors Behind Artwork Pricing

 

Several core factors contribute to determining the price of an artwork. These factors include rarity, condition, provenance, the reputation of the artist, historical significance, and market demand. Each of these elements plays a critical role in shaping an artwork’s value.

 

Rarity

Rarity is one of the most significant factors influencing an artwork’s price. Rare artworks, such as limited edition prints or one-of-a-kind pieces, command higher prices due to their scarcity. This scarcity can be artificially induced by the artist themselves, as seen with the works of iconic artists like Pablo Picasso, whose limited number of artworks often results in higher demand.

 

Condition

The physical condition of an artwork has a direct impact on its market value. A piece that is in pristine condition will always fetch a higher price than one that has been damaged or shows signs of deterioration. For instance, artworks from the Renaissance era that have survived in excellent condition are often valued exponentially higher than similar pieces that are damaged due to age or improper handling.

 

Provenance

Provenance refers to the documented history of ownership of an artwork. An artwork’s pedigree can significantly affect its value. If an artwork has passed through famous collectors, museums, or has been featured in significant exhibitions, its provenance can increase its desirability and, therefore, its price. The traceable history of an artwork provides context, enhancing its appeal to buyers.

 

Artist’s Reputation

The reputation of the artist is perhaps the most influential factor in determining the price of an artwork. Artists with established careers and global recognition, such as Vincent van Gogh or Andy Warhol, see their works valued at much higher prices due to their marketability. The price of an artist’s work tends to increase over time, especially if the artist’s reputation grows posthumously, as seen with many influential artists throughout history.

 

Historical Significance

An artwork’s historical significance can greatly impact its price. Artworks that represent pivotal moments in history, such as those created during wars or revolutionary movements, often carry greater value due to their connection to important historical events. A painting that captures the spirit of a specific era, or addresses social and political issues of its time, often attracts higher bids at auctions and gallery sales.

 

Market Demand

The supply and demand dynamic of the art market plays a crucial role in determining artwork prices. If demand for a particular artist’s work is high, due to trends, economic conditions, or shifting tastes, the prices will increase. Conversely, if demand is low, prices may stagnate or even decrease. Market demand can also be influenced by celebrity endorsements or media attention, such as when a contemporary artist’s work is featured in a high-profile exhibition or auction.

 

 

4. Economic Influences on Art Pricing

 

Art pricing is significantly shaped by a wide range of economic factors that influence both the supply and demand for art. While individual artists, their creative processes, and their reputations are important factors in determining the price of a piece, the larger economic context also plays a crucial role in shaping the art market. This section explores the economic influences on art pricing from both a microeconomic and macroeconomic perspective, considering the forces that drive supply and demand, the role of financial markets, the impact of economic cycles, and the influence of global economics on art pricing.

 

The Role of Supply and Demand in Art Pricing

At the core of the economic theory behind pricing lies the fundamental principle of supply and demand. This economic concept applies not only to consumer goods but also to art. The balance between how much art is available and how much buyers are willing to purchase is central to determining its price.

 

Supply Constraints in the Art Market

One of the primary factors affecting the supply side of art pricing is the limited availability of artwork. Art is inherently scarce. While galleries, museums, and collectors may hold multiple works by an artist, the artist’s output is limited by the time and resources required to create each piece. Moreover, an artist’s career may be limited by factors such as health, mortality, and creative burnout. The finite nature of art means that the supply is often constrained, especially for works by well-known artists or works that are considered iconic or historic.

Scarcity is a powerful determinant in setting the price for art. The more limited the supply, the higher the price that can be commanded, especially when there is a high demand for a particular artist or type of artwork. This is evident in the practice of creating limited edition prints or sculptures, where the number of pieces is purposefully restricted to increase their desirability and perceived value.

 

Demand and Buyer Preferences

On the demand side, buyer preferences, tastes, and the cultural climate all play critical roles in determining the prices of artworks. Over time, art markets have fluctuated based on changing tastes and trends. Certain styles, genres, or artists may be highly sought after at one point but fall out of favor at another. For instance, the demand for works by Impressionist artists surged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, while in the mid-20th century, Pop Art and Abstract Expressionism dominated the market.

Art’s appeal to a buyer goes beyond aesthetics, as it can serve various functions such as investment, status symbol, personal expression, or historical documentation. These multiple dimensions of demand influence how much a buyer is willing to pay for a piece. The greater the perceived emotional, cultural, or social value of a piece, the higher the demand and, consequently, the price.

 

Price Elasticity of Art

Price elasticity of demand is a concept in economics that refers to how sensitive the demand for a product is to changes in its price. In the art market, this concept can be difficult to apply consistently due to the subjective nature of art valuation. However, price elasticity can be observed in how different segments of the market respond to price changes. For example:

• High-end buyers or collectors of investment-grade art may be less sensitive to price increases because they view art as a long-term investment. These buyers are willing to pay premium prices for high-quality works, regardless of fluctuations in the broader economy.
• Mid-range buyers may be more price-sensitive, responding more readily to price increases or economic downturns, which may lead to a reduction in overall sales volume.
• Emerging artists may experience price elasticity as their demand can fluctuate significantly depending on economic conditions, buyer interest, and market trends.
•  

Macroeconomic Influences on Art Pricing

In addition to the microeconomic forces of supply and demand, larger macroeconomic factors play an influential role in the pricing of art. The broader economy can affect art pricing in profound ways, influencing everything from inflation rates to the stability of financial markets.

 

Economic Cycles and Art Pricing

Art pricing tends to correlate with broader economic trends. Economic cycles, or periods of expansion and recession, significantly affect the buying power of individuals and institutions involved in art acquisition.

• During periods of economic expansion, when incomes rise, and confidence in the financial system increases, art prices tend to climb. High-net-worth individuals, collectors, and investors are more likely to spend large amounts on art, particularly when they perceive it as a stable investment.
• During recessions or periods of economic uncertainty, however, the demand for art can drop as individuals and institutions pull back on discretionary spending. In times of financial insecurity, buyers may prioritize investments in tangible assets like real estate or stocks over art. Art prices may stagnate or even decrease during these times, especially for works that are seen as more speculative or uncertain.

The 2008 global financial crisis provides a notable example of how macroeconomic downturns affect art pricing. Many art auction prices saw significant declines, particularly for emerging artists and contemporary works. However, the art market proved resilient, with high-end works by established artists continuing to fetch high prices. This phenomenon suggests that while the art market is sensitive to economic cycles, the demand for top-tier art often remains relatively stable, even in times of crisis.

 

Inflation and the Pricing of Art

Inflation plays a key role in the economic pricing of art. As inflation increases, the purchasing power of currency decreases, meaning that buyers need to spend more money to acquire the same piece of art. Art, being a tangible asset, can serve as a hedge against inflation. Investors and collectors often look to high-value art as a store of wealth during inflationary periods, further driving up demand and pricing.

However, inflation can also increase the costs associated with producing art. Materials such as canvas, paint, and frames may become more expensive, which can affect the prices set by emerging artists. While established artists may be able to command higher prices for their work, inflation may disproportionately affect less-established creators, leading to lower earnings in real terms.

 

Art as an Asset Class and Its Role in the Economy

In recent years, art has increasingly been viewed as a financial asset—a form of investment that offers potential returns akin to stocks, real estate, or bonds. This growing perception of art as an investment vehicle is tied to broader economic trends and the increasing influence of institutional investors in the art market.

 

Art Investment Funds

Art investment funds have become more common, particularly in the last two decades. These funds purchase art with the aim of selling it at a profit. The rise of such funds reflects the growing view of art as an alternative investment. These funds rely on macroeconomic trends such as interest rates, inflation, and the overall health of the financial markets to guide their investment decisions.

The pricing of art in the context of these funds is driven by a mix of speculation and market analysis. For example, art funds may target works by artists with strong investment potential—those whose works have shown an ability to appreciate over time. In this regard, art prices are influenced not only by traditional supply and demand but also by financial market forces and the economic outlook in general.

 

Wealth Inequality and Art Pricing

In recent years, growing wealth inequality has had a significant impact on art pricing. As the global wealth gap widens, the pool of potential buyers for high-end art has become more concentrated among the ultra-wealthy. This concentration of wealth means that the prices of art at the highest end of the market are often set by a relatively small group of individuals or institutions. The ultra-wealthy, viewing art as a store of value or as a symbol of social capital, are often willing to pay significantly higher prices for works by well-known or emerging artists.

This has led to art price inflation, with top-tier works fetching record-breaking prices at auctions. For example, works by artists like Pablo Picasso, Andy Warhol, and Jean-Michel Basquiat have sold for tens of millions of dollars, reflecting both their artistic and financial value.

 

The Role of Financial Markets in Art Pricing

The financial markets also have a direct influence on art pricing. As art becomes increasingly seen as an alternative investment asset, the performance of financial markets impacts the level of investment in art. For example:

• Stock market performance: When the stock market performs well, individuals with disposable income are more likely to invest in art. The profits earned from stocks may be redirected into art purchases, driving up demand for high-end pieces.
• Interest rates: Low interest rates can encourage investment in art by making other forms of investment less attractive. When interest rates are low, art becomes an attractive option for diversifying investment portfolios. Conversely, higher interest rates can reduce the appeal of art as an investment and dampen demand, which could affect pricing.

 

Globalization and Its Influence on Art Pricing

Global economic factors play an increasing role in the pricing of art. The rise of the global art market has led to greater interconnectedness between different markets. Art auctions are no longer confined to cities like New York, London, or Paris—buyers from Asia, the Middle East, and other emerging economies are now significant players in the global market.

 

The Rise of New Art Markets

Countries like China, India, and the United Arab Emirates have seen a surge in art purchasing, both from domestic buyers and foreign investors. This growing demand from new markets has driven up prices, especially for artists who are seen as culturally significant or globally marketable.

Globalization also means that art buyers have access to a wider range of artists and galleries than ever before. The internet, social media, and online platforms have opened up new avenues for buyers and collectors to access and purchase art, which in turn influences pricing and the perceived value of art globally.

 

Economic Influences on Art Pricing

Art pricing is not just a function of an artist’s talent or the intrinsic qualities of the work itself; it is heavily influenced by a complex web of economic factors. From the fundamental forces of supply and demand to the macroeconomic conditions of the global economy, the pricing of art reflects the broader economic environment. Inflation, economic cycles, investment trends, and the rise of new global markets all interact to shape the art market, influencing the prices that collectors, investors, and institutions are willing to pay for works of art.

As art continues to evolve from a cultural object to an investment vehicle, understanding the economic influences on art pricing will become even more essential for participants in the market. By understanding the interplay between economic theory and art market behavior, collectors and investors can navigate the complexities of the art world and make more informed decisions about pricing and acquisition.

 

5. Psychological Factors in Art Pricing

 

Art pricing is a multifaceted process that incorporates not just the artist’s skill, materials, and historical significance, but also a host of psychological factors that play a critical role in determining how much an artwork is worth. While the financial considerations of art are obvious, the psychological factors behind art pricing influence decision-making at every level of the market, from collectors to dealers to the artists themselves.

 

The Role of Perception in Art Value

 

One of the primary psychological factors influencing art pricing is perception. This can be divided into two categories: perceived value and emotional value. The way a piece of art is perceived, both by individuals and society, can vastly impact its market price.

 

Perceived Value

Perceived value refers to how valuable an artwork seems to potential buyers, based on both tangible and intangible attributes. An artwork’s perceived value can be significantly higher than its objective market value due to the reputation of the artist, the art gallery selling it, or the context in which it is presented. For example, a painting by an artist who has gained significant fame or recognition, even if it is not technically the best piece in their portfolio, might still command a high price. This phenomenon is common in the world of contemporary art, where the artist’s persona, media presence, and market demand can elevate the value of their work.

 

Emotional Value

Emotional value is another key psychological element in art pricing. Art has the power to evoke strong emotional reactions, which can influence purchasing decisions. This emotional response can manifest in different forms:

• Personal connection: Buyers may feel a deep, personal connection to a specific piece, whether because it reminds them of an event, a place, or an emotion. This emotional attachment can lead to a higher willingness to pay, even if the objective market value of the artwork does not support the price.
• Nostalgia: Certain artworks evoke nostalgia, which can trigger fond memories or a connection to a past era. This emotional appeal makes the artwork more valuable to some buyers, particularly those seeking to relive a moment in time or associate themselves with a particular historical or cultural movement.
• Aesthetic pleasure: The enjoyment that people derive from art simply by experiencing its beauty or form contributes to its emotional value. Collectors who seek art for personal enjoyment often find that the emotional satisfaction derived from living with a particular piece of art can justify a higher price tag.

 

Scarcity and Exclusivity: The Psychology of FOMO

 

The concept of scarcity plays a major role in shaping how people perceive the value of art. The fear of missing out (FOMO) is a powerful motivator in many purchasing decisions, particularly when it comes to high-end art. Limited editions, rare pieces, or works by well-known artists can create an artificial sense of scarcity that drives up the price.

 

Limited Editions and Rarity

Rarity can make an artwork feel more exclusive, and the psychological effect of owning something rare can be profound. People are often willing to pay a premium for a piece that feels unique, as it satisfies their desire to own something no one else has. In art, this scarcity is not always about the number of pieces available, but the way in which the work is marketed. For example, if an artist produces a limited series of works (e.g., a series of only 10 prints), the exclusivity of these pieces makes them more desirable.

 

Psychological Ownership

When buyers perceive that they own something rare, they also experience a sense of psychological ownership. This concept goes beyond legal ownership and delves into the emotional and cognitive bond that buyers develop with the objects they acquire. People who feel that they own something one-of-a-kind may be less willing to part with it, thus further increasing the perceived value of the item in question. This emotional connection often leads collectors to pay significantly more than they would for a more easily accessible piece, as the emotional investment becomes tied to the physical object.

 

Social Influences and Art Pricing

 

Art is not only a personal investment but also a social signal. Collectors often purchase art for its status value or to align themselves with a particular social or cultural group. The influence of social networks, including friendships, professional connections, and public figures, significantly impacts the way art is priced and perceived.

 

Cultural Capital and Social Identity

Art collectors often view their collection as an extension of their social identity. Purchasing art from prestigious galleries or well-known artists signals that the collector possesses cultural capital, which enhances their social status. This concept, coined by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, refers to the non-financial social assets (such as taste, education, or cultural knowledge) that can help individuals gain a higher social standing.

Buyers may be influenced by the art world’s elites, including curators, critics, and influencers, who determine what is fashionable or culturally significant. These figures often shape the social capital associated with a particular artist or piece. A work of art can gain value simply because it has been endorsed by these figures, even if its intrinsic aesthetic qualities are less than extraordinary.

 

Social Proof and Peer Influence

The psychology of social proof plays a significant role in art pricing. When a painting is purchased by a renowned museum or wealthy individual, it becomes a symbol of legitimacy and prestige. Other buyers are often influenced by these high-profile purchases and may feel more comfortable buying the artwork themselves, thus driving up demand. This social validation creates a bandwagon effect, where the price of the artwork increases as more people jump on the trend.

Art auctions are prime examples of this phenomenon. When a piece of artwork is sold at auction for an unexpectedly high price, it can spark a wave of interest and drive up the perceived value of similar works by the same artist or in the same genre. Collectors will often follow trends set by leading institutions or influential individuals, bidding on works they might otherwise have overlooked.

 

The Influence of Art Institutions and Galleries

Art galleries and institutions can have a profound influence on the pricing of artwork by shaping both the artist’s reputation and the market’s perception of value. A well-established gallery with a history of success and a robust network of collectors can significantly increase an artist’s market price. This influence is largely psychological, as buyers often view pieces from reputable institutions as being more valuable.

 

The Role of Marketing and Branding

Art marketing is a highly specialized field that focuses on creating demand for an artwork by leveraging psychological principles. Galleries and dealers often employ sophisticated branding strategies that elevate the perceived value of an artist’s work. For instance, limited-time exhibitions, exclusive previews, or the strategic placement of artwork in prestigious locations can all drive up demand and, consequently, the price.

The branding of both the artist and the gallery is key in creating an aura of exclusivity and desirability. Well-crafted marketing campaigns can evoke emotional responses, influence tastes, and shape the buyer’s perception of the artist’s work as something worthy of investment.

 

Investment Psychology: The Intersection of Art and Wealth

 

Many art buyers approach art purchasing from the perspective of investment, rather than personal enjoyment. As art becomes increasingly treated as an asset class, investors are more likely to buy pieces with the intention of reselling them at a higher price in the future. In these cases, investment psychology comes into play.

 

The Illusion of Future Value

The notion of future value, driven by speculative behavior, is a key psychological factor influencing the pricing of art. Some buyers purchase art with the belief that it will appreciate over time, particularly if the artist gains greater recognition or if market trends shift in favor of certain art styles. The potential for future value can cause prices to rise dramatically, particularly in speculative art markets where buyers seek to profit from their acquisitions.

However, this belief in future value is often psychological rather than based on solid economic predictions. The perceived potential for high returns may lead buyers to overestimate the likelihood of a particular piece’s future success, driving up prices to unsustainable levels. This behavior is evident in the art market bubbles that have occurred in the past, where prices for certain artists or genres become inflated based on speculative investment rather than genuine demand for the artwork itself.

 

Psychological Factors in Art Pricing

Psychological factors play a crucial role in art pricing, influencing the way artworks are perceived, valued, and traded. From the perception of value and emotional attachment to the social influences and investment psychology at play, these factors shape the art market in profound ways. Understanding the psychological dimensions of art pricing is essential for both collectors and artists alike, as it helps them navigate the complex and often subjective nature of the art world. The psychology of pricing continues to evolve as new trends emerge, but the core principles of perception, scarcity, and social influence remain central to the art market’s dynamics.

 

6. Technological Influence on Art Pricing

 

Online Art Sales

The advent of the internet has revolutionized the art market by enabling online art sales platforms, such as Saatchi Art and Artsy, to reach global audiences. These platforms allow collectors to access artworks from across the world, broadening the pool of potential buyers. The convenience of online sales and the ability to view a wide range of artworks has also increased demand and influenced pricing.

 

Digital Art and NFTs

The rise of digital art and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has created a new avenue for art pricing. NFTs have disrupted the traditional art market by allowing digital works to be sold as one-of-a-kind assets, complete with verifiable ownership through blockchain technology. The introduction of NFTs has led to significant price volatility, with some digital artworks selling for millions of dollars.

 

7. Case Studies of Notable Art Sales

 

The Record-Breaking Sale of “Salvator Mundi”

 

One of the most notable examples of art pricing is the sale of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Salvator Mundi.” In 2017, the painting was sold at auction for a record-breaking $450 million, setting the record for the most expensive artwork ever sold. This sale highlighted the intersection of historical significance, provenance, and market demand in determining the price of an artwork.

 

The Rise of Contemporary Art Prices

Contemporary art has seen significant price increases in recent years. Works by artists such as Jeff Koons, Damien Hirst, and Banksy have commanded millions of dollars at auction, reflecting the growing demand for contemporary art and its increasing status as an investment asset. The prices of contemporary artworks are often influenced by cultural trends, media attention, and the celebrity status of the artists themselves.

 

8. Art Pricing and Cultural Context

 

Regional Variations in Art Valuation

Art pricing can also vary significantly depending on regional factors. For example, artworks by local artists may be priced differently depending on the region in which they are sold. Certain regions, such as New York, London, and Paris, are known for having more established and higher-priced art markets, while emerging markets, such as those in Asia or Africa, may offer lower pricing due to less established demand.

Cultural Relevance in Pricing

Cultural relevance also plays a role in art pricing. Artworks that reflect the values, traditions, and aesthetics of a particular culture may carry a higher value within that culture, while being valued less elsewhere. Additionally, artworks that engage with current cultural movements or social issues can command higher prices as they resonate with contemporary audiences.

 

9. The Future of Art Pricing

The art market continues to evolve with new technologies, economic shifts, and societal changes. The rise of online sales platforms and the growing prominence of digital art suggest that art pricing may continue to change in unpredictable ways. It remains to be seen whether traditional art forms will continue to dominate or if newer digital art mediums will redefine the market.

 

10. Conclusion

The price of an artwork is determined by a wide range of factors, from rarity and condition to the reputation of the artist and the state of the economy. Understanding these variables allows collectors, investors, and art enthusiasts to better navigate the complexities of the art market. As the market continues to evolve, so too will the ways in which art is valued, with new technological advancements and shifting cultural contexts continuing to shape the future of art pricing.

 

 

 

RELATED FURTHER READINGS

Essential Tips for Art Collectors Buying Prints

Curating Your Own Private Art Collection

Beginner Art Collector Pitfalls and How to Prevent Them

Case Studies of Notorious Art Buying Mistakes

From Collecting to Investing : Art’s Financial Side

Buy Fine Art with Cryptocurrency  – Modern Way to Collect Art

The Hidden Risks of Art Collecting: Forgeries and Provenance

Crucial Steps to Protect and Preserve Your Art Collection

Private Art Collecting for Beginners and Experts

Advanced Art Collecting Techniques

Tax Implications of Private Art Collecting

The Rise of Private Art Collections Globally

Legal Guidance for Art Collection Ownership and Sales

The Art Buying Timeless Guide : How to Invest in Art

A Beginner’s Guide to Investing in Art Like A Pro

Exploring the Variables Behind the Price of an Artwork

How Rarity, Condition & Artist Influence Art Prices

NFT Art Explained: A New Era of Digital Creativity

Investing in Emerging Artists  : A Comprehensive Guide

Art Market Players : From Passion to Investment

Collectors & Market Trends in the Art World

Speculators and Investors in the Art Market

 

11. References

 

• Graham, M. (2019). The Economics of Art: Understanding the Art Market. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0367332893
• Clark, T. (2017). The Price of Everything: Art and the Economics of Value. Penguin Books. ISBN: 978-0141986584
• King, T. (2020). Art Investment and the Changing Art Market. Wiley. ISBN: 978-1119723670
• Bourdieu, Pierre. The Field of Cultural Production. Columbia University Press, 1993.
• Danto, Arthur C. After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History. Princeton University Press, 1997.
• Shiller, Robert J. Irrational Exuberance. Princeton University Press, 2005.
• Galenson, David W. Old Masters and Young Geniuses: The Two Life Cycles of Artistic Creativity. Princeton University Press, 2006.
• Velthuis, Olav. Talking Prices: Symbolic Meanings of Prices on the Market for Contemporary Art. Princeton University Press, 2005.

1. Lazzaro, Daniel. The Art Market: A Survey of Market Trends and Pricing Strategies. Art Publishing House, 2011.
2. Frey, Bruno S., and P. E. L. E. Pommerehne. The Economics of Art and Culture. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
3. Kinsella, Eileen. The Art of Buying: How Wealth Affects Art Market Trends. Rizzoli International Publications, 2016.
4. Shiller, Robert J. Irrational Exuberance. Princeton University Press, 2005.
5. Greenhalgh, Paul. Art and the Market: Roger Fry on the Economics of Modern Art. Oxford University Press, 2014.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Dr Zenaidy Castro    |   Cosmetic Dentist in Melbourne   |   Vogue Smiles Melbourne   |   Porcelain Veneers In Melbourne   |   Porcelain Veneer Special Package Offer Melbourne Australia  | Smile Makeover Procedures   |  Cosmetic Dentistry Procedures Melbourne    | Cosmetic Dentist in Melbourne Australia   | Dental Bonding   | Anti-aging Smile Rejuvenation   |   Dental Facelift   |   Teeth Whitening   |   Invisalign   |   Dental Crowns   |  Dental Bridges  |   Full Mouth Dental Reconstruction   |  Implant Alternatives  |   Emergency Dental Care Noble park North   |  General and Family Dental Clinic Noble Park North   |  Cosmetic Dentistry Before and After   |   Non-surgical facelift options without Invasive Surgery    |  Most Affordable Way to Improve Your Smile   |  Comprehensive Guide to the Cost of Dental Veneers   |   Cosmetic Dental Procedures for Smile Improvement   |  Dental Veneer Specials Melbourne CBD & Noble Park |  Composite Veneers vs Porcelain Veneers  |  Alternative to Dental Implant or All-On-4 Implant in Replacing Missing Teeth   | Dental Financing   |   Cosmetic Dentist near Glen Waverley, Mulgrave, Wheelers Hill area,  Springvale  |   WOMOW   |   YOUTUBE   |   YELP   |   HOTFROG   |   FLICKR   |   TIKTOK   |  LINKEDIN   |   PINTEREST   |   TUBMLR   |   X   |   BEHANCE  |   DISQUS   |   HUBPAGES   |    WEEBLY   |   MEDIUM   |

 

 

 

READ MORE ABOUT DR ZENAIDY CASTRO AS COSMETIC DENTIST IN MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA

VISIT VOGUE SMILES MELBOURNE

General and Cosmetic Dentistry Clinic in Melbourne Australia